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ObjectiveTo observe the protective effect of Chaihu Jia Longgu Mulitang （CLMT） on dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease with depression （PDD） model rats， and to explore the mechanism based on adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase/mammalian target of rapamycin （AMPK/mTOR） signaling pathway. MethodAmong the 80 male SD rats， 10 were randomly selected as normal group and the rest were treated with long-term low-dose subcutaneous injection of rotenone in the neck and back combined with chronic unpredictable mild stress （CUMS） to establish PDD rat model. The successfully modeled PDD rats were randomly divided into model group， western medicine group （madopar 0.032 g·kg-1+fluoxetine hydrochloride 0.002 g·kg-1）， CLMT low-dose， medium-dose and high-dose groups （5， 10 and 20 g·kg-1）， 10 rats in each group. Normal group and model group were administrated with the same amount of normal saline by gavage for 4 consecutive weeks. Behavioral changes of rats in each group were evaluated by open field test and pole climbing test. The content of dopamine （DA） and 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT） in cerebrospinal fluid was determined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPCL）. The pathological changes of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra of rats were observed by hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining. The positive expression of tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） and expression of α-synuclein in substantia nigra were detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC） and immunofluorescence （IF）， repsectively. The protein expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 （LC3）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， phosphorylated AMPK （p-AMPK）， mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） and phosphorylated mTOR （p-mTOR） was detected by Western blot. ResultCompared with the conditions in normal group， the total horizontal distance and the activity time in the central region in open field test and the content of DA and 5-HT in cerebrospinal fluid were decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the time of pole climbing was shortened （P<0.01）， with increased score （P<0.01） in model group. Compared with model group， CLMT high-dose group and western medicine group increased the total horizontal distance and activity time in the central region and the content of DA and 5-HT （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and extended the time of climbing pole （P<0.05）， with decreased score （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with those in normal group， the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra was reduced， with narrowed and loosely arranged cell body. The fluorescence expression of α-synuclein was enhanced （P<0.01）， and the positive expression of TH was decreased （P<0.01） in model group. Compared with model group， CLMT high-dose group and western medicine group showed elevated number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra， with enlarged cell body， and decreased fluorescence expression of α-synuclein， and enhanced the positive expression of TH （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with normal group， model group had lowered expression of LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ， p-AMPK/AMPK in striatum （P<0.05， P<0.01） and increased expression of p-mTOR/mTOR （P<0.01）. Compared with those in model group， LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ and p-AMPK/AMPK expression were increased （P<0.05， P<0.01） and p-mTOR /mTOR expression was decreased （P<0.01） in CLMT high-dose group and western medicine group. ConclusionCLMT exerts a neuroprotective effect by inhibiting rotenone neurotoxicity. It enhances the level of DA， and thus improves the depression condition in rats with Parkinson's disease. The underlying mechanism may be related to the regulation of AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway， activation of autophagy， and promotion of degrading α-synuclein.
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Objective@#: Shunt infection is a common complication while treating hydrocephalus. The antibiotic-impregnated shunt catheter (AISC) was designed to reduce shunt infection rate. A meta-analysis was conducted to study the effectiveness of AISCs in reduction of shunt infection in terms of age, follow-up time and high-risk patient population. @*Methods@#: This study reviewed literature from three databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library (from 2000 to March 2019). Clinical studies from controlled trials for shunt operation were included in this analysis. A subgroup analysis was performed based on the patient’s age, follow-up time and high-risk population. The fixed effect in RevMan 5.3 software (Cochrane Collaboration) was used for this meta-analysis. @*Results@#: This study included 19 controlled clinical trials including 10105 operations. The analysis demonstrated that AISC could reduce the infection rate in shunt surgery compared to standard shunt catheter (non-AISC) from 8.13% to 4.09% (odds ratio [OR], 0.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40–0.58; p=0.01; I2=46%). Subgroup analysis of different age groups showed that AISC had significant antimicrobial effects in all three groups (adult, infant, and adolescent). Follow-up time analysis showed that AISC was effective in preventing early shunt infections (within 6 months after implant). AISC is more effective in high-risk population (OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.14–0.40; p=0.60; I2=0%) than in general patient population. @*Conclusion@#: The results of meta-analysis indicated that AISC is an effective method for reducing shunt infection. We recommend that AISC should be considered for use in infants and high-risk groups. For adult patients, the choice for AISC could be determined based on the treatment cost.
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OBJECTIVE@#Sorafenib has been extensively used for the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and Chinese herbal medicine has also been used to manage advanced HCC. The present work evaluates the effectiveness and safety of Jiedu (JD) Granule, a compound of traditional Chinese herbal medicine, side-by-side with sorafenib for the treatment of advance HCC.@*METHODS@#Patients with advanced HCC receiving treatment with JD Granule or sorafenib were enrolled from December 2014 to March 2018. The primary endpoint was overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) and safety. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to control for possible selection bias from the study group allocation process.@*RESULTS@#Of the 325 patients included, 161 received JD Granule and 164 received sorafenib. No significant differences were found in OS or PFS among patients receiving JD Granule compared to sorafenib (P > 0.05). Median OS of the two study groups was 6.83 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.83-9.47) in the group receiving JD Granule and 8 months (95% CI: 6.67-9.80) in the group receiving sorafenib, with half-, 1- and 2-year survival rates of 53.6%, 31.2% and 13.2% vs 60.1%, 35.5% and 14.2%, respectively. Even after PSM, the median survival time did not differ between the JD Granule group (9.03 months; 95% CI: 6.37-14.2) and the sorafenib group (7.93 months; 95% CI: 6.5-9.97), with comparable half-, 1- and 2-year survival rates. The most common adverse events (AEs) were diarrhea (13.7%) and fatigue (5.6%) in the JD Granule group, and hand-foot skin reaction (46.3%) and diarrhea (36.6%) in the sorafenib group. The JD Granule was more cost-effective than sorafenib treatment for advanced HCC.@*CONCLUSION@#Compared to sorafenib, JD Granule was more cost-effective and caused fewer AEs for the treatment of Chinese patients with advanced HCC.
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@#Objective To investigate the effect of p53 protein on the nerve function of rats with acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion by electro-acupuncture pretreatment. Methods A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group(n=24),model group(n=24) and electroacupuncture pretreatment group(n=24).Each group was equally divided into two hours and 72 hours subgroups. The neurological behavior was assessed with modified Neurological Severity Score (mNSS). HE staining and TUNEL assay were used to observe the injury and cell apoptosis in ischemic brain,and Western blot-ting was used to detect the expression of p-p53(ser392),p53 and microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)II in ischemic area. Results Compared with the model group,the mNSS scores,the injury of brain tissue,the number of TUNEL-positive cells, and the level of p-p53 and LC3II decreased (P<0.05) in the electroacupuncture pretreatment group.Two hours after reperfusion,there was no significant difference in the level of p53 between the model group and the electroacupuncture pretreatment group(P>0.05),however,72 hours after reperfusion,the level of p53 decreased in the electroacupuncture pretreatment group(P<0.05). Conclusion Electroacupuncture pretreatment can improve neurological deficit in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury rats,which may be related to the involvement of p53 protein in autophagy and apoptosis.
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@#Objective To explore the effect and mechanism of exercise preconditioning on neurological deficits in rats after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Methods Thirty-six healthy Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group (n=12), model group (n=12) and exercise preconditioning group (n=12). The latter two groups were occluded middle cerebral artery for 120 minutes and reperfused with modified suture method. The rats were evaluated with Longa's score two, twelve and 24 hours after reperfusion. The expression of mitochondrial ATP-sensitive potassium (mitoKATP) channel proteins inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir6.2) and sulphonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1) were detected with Western blotting and the cerebral cell apoptosis was detected with TUENL assay 24 hours after reperfusion. Results Compared with the model group, the Longa's score decreased in the exercise preconditioning group 24 hours after reperfusion (P<0.05), while the expression of Kir6.2 and SUR1 decreased (P<0.05), and TUNEL-positive cells decreased (P<0.05).Conclusion Exercise preconditioning may improve neurological function after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion, which may associate with inhibiting the expression of mitoKATP channel proteins and cell apoptosis.
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Objective To observe the effect of the intensive training of core stabilization on the general function of patients with femoral neck fractures in old patients after hip arthroplasty. Methods From January, 2011 to December, 2012, 60 old patients accepted hip arthroplas-ty for femoral neck fractures were randomly divided into control group (n=30) and observation group (n=30). The control group received routine rehabilitation training 50 minutes each time, and the observation group received intensive training of core muscles 20 minutes each time based on the routine rehabilitation training 30 minutes each time, twice a day, five days a week for two weeks. Both groups were evalu-ated with Harris Hip Score (HHS), Charnley Hip Score (CHS) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before training and one week, two weeks and three months after training. Results There was no significant difference in the scores of HHS, CHS and MBI before and one week after training (P>0.05). All the scores increased with time in both groups (F>248.165, P<0.001). The scores of HHS, CHS and MBI were signifi-cantly higher in the observation group than in the control group two weeks and three months after training (t>3.211, P<0.001). Conclusion Early intensive training of core stabilization may facilitate to recover hip function and activity of daily living in old patients after hip arthro-plasty.
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Objective To observe the effect of the intensive training of core stabilization on the general function of patients with femoral neck fractures in old patients after hip arthroplasty. Methods From January, 2011 to December, 2012, 60 old patients accepted hip arthroplas-ty for femoral neck fractures were randomly divided into control group (n=30) and observation group (n=30). The control group received routine rehabilitation training 50 minutes each time, and the observation group received intensive training of core muscles 20 minutes each time based on the routine rehabilitation training 30 minutes each time, twice a day, five days a week for two weeks. Both groups were evalu-ated with Harris Hip Score (HHS), Charnley Hip Score (CHS) and modified Barthel Index (MBI) before training and one week, two weeks and three months after training. Results There was no significant difference in the scores of HHS, CHS and MBI before and one week after training (P>0.05). All the scores increased with time in both groups (F>248.165, P<0.001). The scores of HHS, CHS and MBI were signifi-cantly higher in the observation group than in the control group two weeks and three months after training (t>3.211, P<0.001). Conclusion Early intensive training of core stabilization may facilitate to recover hip function and activity of daily living in old patients after hip arthro-plasty.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the effect and safety of topical propranolol hydrochloride gel for treatment of infantile hemangioma. METHODS Thirty nude mice (BALA/c, nu/nu) were divided into three groups, experimental group, control group and normal group. Human hemangioma endothelial cells cultured in vitro were injected subcutaneously in experimental group and control group to establish infantile hemangioma model. Topical propranolol hydrochloride gel was applied on the surface of the hemangioman in experimental group and normal group. Tumor volumn change and the skin situations (edema, erythema, ulceration) were observed at different periods. 45 days after cell injection, the mice were killed and plasma concentration was detected in the experimental group and the control group by high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector, and tumors were subjected to histopathologic examination and immunohistochemistry for CD31 and CD34. The correlation between volumes and plasma concentration was statistically analyzed with SPSS 13.0 paired samples t test with α = 0.05 as statistical standard.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>At 45 days, the volume of the tumor in control group was (366.57 ± 17.08) mm³, which has a significant difference as compared to the experimental group (13.36 ± 2.09) mm³ (P < 0.05); and the plasma concentration was (16.83 ± 1.53) ng/ml in experimental group, and (18.42 ± 2.21) ng/ ml in normal group (P > 0.05 ). Topical propranolol hydrochloride gel (3%) has no irritation to nude mice's skin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Topical application of 3% propranolol hydrochloride gel is effective and safe for the treatment of infantile hemangioma.</p>
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Animals , Humans , Mice , Gels , Hemangioma , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Immunohistochemistry , Mice, Nude , Propranolol , Skin Neoplasms , Drug Therapy , Pathology , Tumor BurdenABSTRACT
AIM@#To investigate the chemical constituents of the cultures of Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.) Murrill.@*METHOD@#Compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques. The structure of the new compound was determined by interpretation of MS and 1D-, 2D-NMR spectroscopic data, while the known compounds were identified by comparison of their data with those reported.@*RESULTS@#Three mycophenolic acid derivatives, 6-((2E, 6E)-3, 7-dimethyldeca-2, 6-dienyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methylphtanlan-1-one (1), 6-((2E, 6E)-3, 7, 11-trimethyldedoca-2, 6, 10-trienyl)-5, 7-dihydroxy-4-methylphtanlan-1-one (2), and 6-((2E, 6E)-3, 7, 11-trimethyldedoca-2, 6, 10-trienyl)-7-hydroxy-5-methoxy-4-methylphtanlan-1-one (3) were isolated.@*CONCLUSION@#Among them, compound 1 was new, and compound 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, and MCF-7 cells, with IC50 values of 39.1, 31.1, 27.4, and 35.7 μmol·L(-1), respectively.
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Humans , Agaricales , Biological Products , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , HL-60 Cells , MCF-7 Cells , Molecular Structure , Mycophenolic Acid , Chemistry , Neoplasms , Drug Therapy , Phenols , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Polyporales , ChemistryABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the mechanism of chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced renal injury and the protection of metallothionein (MT).Methods 8-10 weeks old male MT-1 transgenic (MT-TG) mice (n=12) and the wide type (WT) mice (n=12) were randomly divided into two groups respectively,Air mimic control(Ctrl) group (n=6) and CIH group (n=6).The period of chronic intermittent hypoxia was continued for 8 weeks.The CIH paradigm consisted of 20.9％ O2 and 8％ O2 fraction of inspiration O2 (FiO2) alternation cycles (30 episodes per hour) with 20 seconds at the nadir FiO2 for 12 hours/day during daylight.The nadir hemoglobin oxygen saturations mainly ranged from 60％ to 70％.Urine,blood,kidney were collected at the end of study respectively.Histopathology,Western blotting and colorimetric method for related target were performed respectively.Results In WT mice,renal fibrosis,the expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF),type-1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1),hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α),transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1),phosphorylated Smad2 and the MDA content were significantly increased by CIH (P ＜ 0.01).In WT mice,the expression of MT detected by using Western blotting was significantly decreased by CIH (P ＜ 0.01).However,in MT-TG mice,above-mentioned indicators showed no significant difference between CIH and Ctrl group.Conclusions Oxidative stresses is the main mechanism of CIH-induced renal injury.The possible molecular mechanism of CIH-induced renal injury is that CIH increases the expression of HIF-1α in kidney tissue,then activate the TGF-β1-Smad2 signaling pathway and lead to the renal fibrosis.The protection of MT on CIH-induced renal injury may be via its antioxidant effect.
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BACKGROUND:In various clinical treatments of soft tissue defects, vacuum sealing drainage technology can effectively control wound infection, shorten the treatment time, and accelerate wound healing. OBJECTIVE:To further understand the features and characteristics of hydrated ethanol polyethylene foam vacuum sealing drainage treatment, and compare the treatment effects against soft tissue defects with the conventional dressing change treatment. METHODS:A total of 140 cases of large soft tissue defects were divided randomly into two groups. Observation group received hydrated ethanol polyethylene foam vacuum sealing drainage treatment, while control group was treated by conventional dressing change. The degree of pain relief during treatment, the family satisfaction, the survival rate of first skin-grafting, the time needed before skin-grafting, the hospitalization time, the number of operations, the readmission rates, the complication rate and other clinical effectiveness indicators were compared between the two groups. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the observation group, visual analog scale scores decreased 5.76±0.68, in the control group visual analog scale score decreased 2.85±0.53, with significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05), and family satisfaction degree of the observation group was higher (P < 0.05). The survival rate of first skin-grafting of the observation group was higher than the control group (P < 0.05), the time needed before skin-grafting, the hospitalization time, the number of operations, the readmission rates, and the complication rate were lower than the control group (P < 0.05). The results showed that, compared with conventional dressing change treatment, hydrated ethanol polyethylene foam vacuum sealing drainage has advantages of light pain, short treatment time, low rate of complications, and high efficacy.
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Objective To explore the efficacy of endoscopic electric cutters in the treatment of adenoidal hypertrophy .Methods 36 patients who underwent adenoidectomy treatment of adenoid hypertrophy were divided into the observation group and control group according to the random number table .The observation group was taken endo-scopic electric cutters treatment , the control group was taken traditional adenoid removal treatment .The therapeutic effect of the two groups was compared .Results In the observation group,the total time required for removal of the adenoids was (10.65 ±2.38)min,blood loss was (28.82 ±0.98)mL,compared with the control group,there were significant differences(t=25.93,31.79,χ2 =3.92,all P<0.05).In the observation group,there was 1 case had severe pain,but in the control group,there were 9 cases,the difference was significant (χ2 =8.86,P<0.05).In the observation group,the total effective rate was 94.45%,which was significantly higher than 55.55% in the control group(χ2 =7.26,P<0.05).Conclusion Compared to the traditional treatment of adenoid surgery ,electric cutters endoscopic treatment can significantly reduce adenoidal hypertrophy blood loss and the incidence rate of complication , improve patients'pain and clinical outcomes ,it is worth clinically further promotion .
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) animal model was used to mimic the status of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in order to investigate the pathological mechanism of CIH-induced cardiac remodeling and observe the protective effect of antioxidants.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>FVB mice (8-10 weeks-old) were randomly divided into control (saline, i.p.) group and CIH group, reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase inhibitor, apocynin (APO, 3 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1), i.p.) alone or CIH+APO, SOD mimic MnTMPyP (SODM, 5 mg×kg(-1)×d(-1), i.p.) alone or CIH+SODM (n = 5 each). After 4 weeks, cardiac function and structure were determined by echocardiography, cardiac inflammation, apoptosis, cardiac fibrosis and cardiac MDA contents were examined by Western blot and chemical-biological methods, respectively.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) Heart weight, LVIDd and LVIDs were increased while LVEF and FS were reduced in CIH group compared to control group (all P < 0.05). (2) Myocardial protein expression of ANP and VCAM-1 was significantly upregulated, myocardial MDA content and apoptosis as well as myocardial fibrosis marker CTGF and PAI-1 were increased in CIH group compared to control group (all P < 0.05). (3) Above parameters were similar between APO and CIH+APO as well as SODM and CIH+SODM (all P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>CIH could induce cardiac remodeling and CIH-induced cardiac inflammation, cardiac oxidative injury, cardiac apoptosis and cardiac fibrosis serve as the pathological mechanisms of CIH-induced cardiac remodeling. The protective effects of the two antioxidants suggest that the main mechanism of CIH-induced cardiac injury is oxidative stress.</p>
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Animals , Mice , Acetophenones , Antioxidants , Physiology , Apoptosis , Disease Models, Animal , Heart , Hypoxia , Mice, Inbred Strains , Myocardium , NADPH Oxidases , Oxidative Stress , Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 , Sleep Apnea, Obstructive , Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 , Vascular RemodelingABSTRACT
Background Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph (HRT) has been widely used in clinical diagnosis of glaucomatous optic neuropathy,importantly,the measurement results of HRT may be affected by myopia.Therefore,studying the effect of different refractive status and axial length on structural parameters of the optic disc is important.Objective This study was to evaluate the influence of refractive error and axial length to optic nerve head parameter measured by HRT.Methods The parents who participate in Guangzhou Twin Study were enrolled in this investigation from July 2006 to August 2011.The regular eye examinations,including visual acuity,slit lamp,fundus,auto-refraction,HRT-Ⅲ and intraocular lens (IOL) Master,were performed on all the subjects.Thc data from right eyes of subjects were collected and analyzed.The linear correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were applied to analyze the correlation between HRT optic papilla configuration parameter and equivalent sphere and ocular axis length.Results A pilot prospective series cases observational study was designed.1748subjects were enrolled in this study.The disc area (DA) (P=0.021),rim area (RA) (P＜0.001),rim volume (RV) (P＜0.001),mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (mRNFLt) (P＜0.001) and retinal nerve fiber layer cross section area (RNFLcsa) in the high myopia were greater than those of the emmetropic group,with significant difference between the two groups (P＜0.001).However,the cup area (CA),cup/disk area ratio (C/DAR) and cup volume (CV) were less in the high myopic group than those of the emmetropic group (P=0.004,P＜0.001 and P＜O.001),respectively.In the mild-moderatc myopic group,the RV,mRNFLt and RNFLcsa were greater than those of the emmetropic group (all of the P value less than 0.001),but the numbers of DA,CA,C/DAR,and CV were less than those of the emmetropic group,the differences were significant and their P valuables were 0.038,＜ 0.001,＜0.001 and 0.001 respectively.The differences of structure parameters between the hyperopia group and the emmetropic group were not statistically significant (P＞0.05).The DA,CA,RA,C/DAR,CV,RV,mean cup depth (MCD),maximum cup depth (MxCD),cup shape measure (CSM),mRNFLt and RNTLcsa were (2.04±0.43) mm2,(0.49±0.34) mm2,(1.55 ± 0.34) mm2,0.23-0.13,(0.11 ± 0.12) mm3,(0.45 ± 0.19) mm3,(0.21 ± 0.09) mm,(0.60±0.21) mm,-0.21 ± 0.07,(0.29 ± 0.07) mm and (1.46 ± 0.36)mm2,respectively,in the 1748 eyes of 1748 subjects.No significant correlation was found between the DA value with SE (r=-0.032,P =0.186).However,weaker positive correlations were seen between the CA,C/DAR,CV,MCD,MxCD with SE (r=0.139,0.163,0.130,0.004,0.054,P＜ 0.05) and negative correlation between RA,RV,mRNFLt and RNFLcsa with SE (r =-0.178,-0.331,0.241,-0.239,P＜0.001).With the increase of the ocular axial length,the DA,RA,RV,mRNFLt and RNFLcsa values were enlarged,and the CV value was smaller.With the increase of CA,the RA,C/DAR,CV,RV,MCD,MxCD,CSM and RNFLcsa values elevated,but mRNFLt value was decreased.Conclusions Refractive error is not associated with DA,but the measuring results are different among various refractive groups.Refractive error,ocular axial length and DA affect the measuring result of HRT.
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Background Normal adult optic disc rim width follows inferior ≥ superior ≥ nasal ≥ temporal (ISNT) rule.Analysis of the optic disc structural parameters with Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) can understand whether ISNT principle is suitable to other optic disc structure parameters.Objective This study was to investigate the characteristics of optic nerve head structure parameters in normal Chinese adults.Methods The parents of twins who participated Guangzhou Twin Eye Study were enrolled in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from 2006 June to 2011 August.All subjects received the routine eye examinations,including visual acuity,slit lamp microscope,direct ophthalmoscope examination,auto-refraction examination and HRT Ⅲ examination.All data from the right eyes were collected and analyzed.HRT values from different quadrants of optical nerve head were compared with one-way analysis of variance,and the multiple comparison between quadrants was carried out by Bonferroni test.The differences of optical nerve head parameters in different gender were analyzed using independent sample t test and Bland-Altman test.Results In this study,1672 eyes of 1672 subjects were included,with the 759 male and 913 female persons and average age of (41.8±5.3)years.No significant differences were seen in the disc area (DA)between the superior and inferior,as well as the nasal and temporal quadrants among the subjects (P＞0.05).In addition,there were not significantly different in the rim area (RA) between the superior and nasal disc as well as the rim volume (RV) among the inferior,superior and nasal disc (P＞O.05).However,significant differences were found in the cup area (CA),cup/disk area ratio (C/DAR),cup volume (CV),mean cupdepth (MCD),maximum cup depth (MxCD),height variation contour (HVC),cup shape measure (CSM),mean retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (mRNFLT) and retinal nerve fiber layer cross section area (RNFLcsa) among the different quadrants (P＜0.001).The local differences from only DA and RA complied with an ordination of the ISNT rule.The values of DA,CA,C/DAR,CV,MCD,MxCD from male individuals were higher,but those of the RV,HVC,mRNFLT RNFLcsa were lower in comparison with female individuals.Nevertheless,all the differences were ＜ 0.1 with a maximal mean difference in DA and CA (both 0.07 mm2).Conclusions The optical nerve head configurations measured by HRT have different distributing characteristics in four quadrants in normal adults.Most parameters show the higher values in the inferior and superior than those in nasal and temporal of disc,but DA and RA meet ISNT rule.The differences of most parameters between male and female subjects can be ignored.
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Background Recently researches indicated that estrogen plays important role in maintaining the normal metabolism of lens. Objective This study was to investigate the changes of estrogen receptor( ER ) α and β expressions in lens upon estrogen level in castrated female rat. Methods Sixty clean adult female Wistar rats were randomized into castrated group,sham operation group,ovariectomy group,ovariectomy with low-dose estradiol eyedropping group,ovariectomy with high-dose estradiol eyedropping group,ovariectomy with low-dose estradiol injecting group and ovariectomy with high-dose estradiol injecting group,and 10 rats for each.The castrated animal models were established by ovariectomy for 5 months.Then 50％,100％ oestradiol benzoate eyedrops were used 4 times per day respectively and 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg oestradiol benzoate were intramuscularly injected at two-day interval for 6 weeks in corresponding experimental group.Serum estradiol concentration was detected in the rats of various groups at 5 months after ovariectomy and 6 weeks after administration of estradiol benzoate.The animals were sacrificed using the excessive anesthesia method and the lenses were obtained for the assay of ERα and ERβ expressions.The use of the animals complied with the Statement of ARVO. Results No obvious opacification of lenses and the changes of structure and morphology in lens were seen in the rats of various groups under the slit lamp microscope and light microscope during the observing duration after ovariectomy.The significant differences were found in serum estradiol concentrations among the 6 groups ( F=15490.527,P=0.000) or between before and after usage of estradiol benzoate( F=943.236,P =0.001 ).Six weeks after usage of estradiol benzoate,the expressions of ERα and ERβ in the lenses were lower in the castrated group,ovariectomy with high-dose estradiol eyedropping group and ovariectomy with low-dose estradiol injecting group compared with the the sham operative group (P＜0.05),but those in the ovariectomy with low-dose estradiol eyedropping group and ovariectomy with high-dose estradiol injecting group were elevated in comparison with above groups( P＜0.05 ),and expressions of ERα and ERβ in the lenses were similar to the sham operative group ( ERα:28.04±6.80 vs.31.30±7.11 ;ERβ:27.75±7.13 vs.25.38±5.59).Mean A values of ERα and ERβ in the lenses were lower in the castrated group,ovariectomy with high-dose estradiol eyedropping group and ovariectomy with low-dose estradiol injecting group compared with the sham operative group (P＜0.05),but those in the ovariectomy with low-dose estradiol eyedropping group and ovariectomy with high-dose estradiol injecting group were elevated in comparison with above groups ( P＜0.05 ),and mean 4 values of ERα and ERβ in the lenses were similar to the sham operative group (ERα:0.1833 ±0.0087 vs.0.1859 ±0.0067; ERβ:0.1689±0.0059 vs.0.1686±0.0095). Conclusions The expressions of ERα and ERβ in the LECs are associated with the level of serum estradiol.The effects of estrogen on lens were different by different medication way.Low-dose estradiol eyedropping was a more feasible approach to the prevention of cataract.
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Tropical forests vegetation and community research have tended to focus on the tree component, and limited attention has been paid to understory vegetation. Species diversity and composition of the understory of tropical seasonal rain forest were inventoried in a 625m² area (for sapling layer) and a 100m² area (for herb/seedling layer) in three 1ha plots. We found 3068 individuals belonging to 309 species, 192 genera and 89 families. The most important family as determined by the Family Importance Value (FIV) was Rubiaceae in both sapling and herb/seedling layers. In terms of Importance Value Index (IVI), the shrub Mycetia gracilis (Rubiaceae) was the most important species in the sapling layer and the pteridophyte Selaginella delicatula (Selaginellaceae) was the most ecological significant species in the herb/seedling layer. Much more vascular plant species were registered in the understory than in the tree layer totaled among the three plots. The species diversity did not differ significantly among the tree layer, sapling layer and herb/seedling layer. Given that we still know little about the understory plant community for growth forms other than trees, the results from the present study indicate that more attention should be paid to the understory vegetation during the decision-making process for biodiversity conservation in the tropical forests. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (1): 455-463. Epub 2011 March 01.
La investigación de la vegetación y las comunidades presentes en bosques tropicales han tendido a centrarse en el componente arbóreo, y se ha prestado poca atención a la vegetación del sotobosque. La diversidad de especies y la composición del sotobosque de los bosques tropicales estacionales fueron inventariados en un área de 625m² (identificación de árboles jóvenes) y un área de 100 m² (capa de plántulas/hierbas) en tres parcelas de 1 ha. Hemos encontrado 3 068 individuos pertenecientes a 309 especies, 192 géneros y 89 familias. La familia más importante según lo determinado por el Valor de Importancia por Familia (FIVFamily Important Value) fue Rubiaceae, tanto en la capa de árboles jóvenes como para la de plántulas y hierbas. En términos del Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI-Importance Value Index), el arbusto Mycetia gracilis (Rubiaceae) fue la especie más importante en la capa de árboles jóvenes y la pteridofitas Selaginella delicatula (Selaginellaceae) fue la especie más importante ecológica en la capa de plántulas e hierbas. Mucho más especies de plantas vasculares fueron inventariadas en el sotobosque que en el estrato arbóreo de las tres parcelas juntas. La diversidad de especies no difirió significativamente entre la capa de árboles, la de árboles jóvenes y la de plántulas y de hierbas. Teniendo en cuenta que aún sabemos poco sobre la comunidad de plantas del sotobosque, los resultados del presente estudio indican que debe prestarse más atención a la vegetación del sotobosque durante el proceso de toma de decisiones para la conservación de la biodiversidad en los bosques tropicales.
Subject(s)
Magnoliopsida/classification , Biodiversity , Biomass , Trees , China , Seasons , Tropical ClimateABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the influence of aqueous extract of Aralia echinocaulis Hand.-Mazz on the expression of fracture healing-ralated factor receptors.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Single factor model was set up in SD rat. Selecting 14 and 28 days in the experiment. Immunohistochemistry was employed to determine the expression of Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2), Fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt-1) and Fetal licer kinase (Flk-1) at 14 and 28 days after model establishing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of Flt-1 and Flk-1 at 14 days (the latter was more remarkable) were obviously promoted in High dose group of aqueous extract of Aralia echinocaulis Hand.-Mazz, and higher than that in normal group and model group. The expression of FGFR2 in the high dose group of Aralia echinocaulis Hand -Mazz was also promoted visibility, close to that in the compare group (traditional Chinese medicine), but higher than than in the model group. There was no significant difference among them. At 28 days, the expression of FGFR2, Flt-1 and Flk-1 in all groups decreased except normal group, and got higher expression in model groups than each control groups.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Aqueous extract of Aralia echinocaulis Hand.-Mazz can promote angiogenesis in fracture healing, improve the activity and aggregation of fibroblasts, osteoblasts and chondrocytes. It also helps to quicken ossification in the cartilage and promote fracture healing.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Rats , Aralia , Chemistry , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Chemistry , Pharmacology , Therapeutic Uses , Fibroblast Growth Factors , Metabolism , Immunohistochemistry , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A , Metabolism , Wound HealingABSTRACT
Background Epidemiological investigation in human has been conclusive. In postmenopausal women,the incidence of cataract is higher than men at the same age. In addition,hormone replacement therapy may protect against the development of cataract. However,this role of androgen is not clear. Objective This study was to explore the effects of estrogen and androgen on anti-oxidative ability of lens after ovariectomy. Methods Fifty-six three-month-old clean female Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal control group,sham operation group, castration group,estrogen eyedrops group;estrogen injection group;androgen eyedrops group;androgen injection group and 8 rats for each. Ovariectomy was performed in the rats of castration group and gonadal hormone application group, and estradiol benzoate solution or testosterone propionate solution were utilized topically or systemly in 5 months after ovariectomy for 6 weeks respectively. Only abdominal cut was curried out in sham operation group. The lenses of rats were examined weekly under the slit lamp. The serum estrogen and androgen levels of rats were detected before,after operation and 6 weeks following the administration of gonadal hormone. The contents of superoxide dismutase( SOD) , glutathione( GSH) ,malondialdehyde( MDA) and water-soluble protein ( WSP) in rat lens homogenate were detected at the end of the experiment. Utilization of animals complied with the Regulation for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals by State Science and Technology Commission. Results No opacity of lenses was found during the experiment duration in various groups. The serum estradiol levels of rats in sham group were insignificantly different from normal groups in various time points( P>0. 05). The evident decline of serum estradiol was detected in the rats of castration group and gonadal hormone application groups compared with sham group in 5 months after operation( all P<0. 01). However,at the sixth weeks after the system use of estradiol or testosterone,the serum estradiol levels were significantly higher than the castration group and topical application groups of gonadal hormone(P<0. 01). The contents of SOD,GSH and WSP in lenses were considerably increased,but the MDA level in lenses was decreased after system use of estrogen ( P<0. 01). The activity of SOD and GSH were lower after system use of testosterone in comparison with castration rats ( P < 0. 05 ). Conclusion Estrogen can protect lens against oxidation damage. However, androgen, to a certain extent, may contribute to the development of oxidative damage in OVX female rats.
ABSTRACT
The general characteristics,outcomes and risk factors of the patients with aortic dissection (AD) were evaluated in a single medical center.From January 2002 to December 2008,284 patients with AD were treated and followed-up at our institution,including 105 cases of type A AD and 179 cases of type B AD.The patients in each type were divided into three groups according to management:medical treatment group (A or B),open surgery group (A or B),and stent-graft group (A or B).The characteristics and follow-up outcomes were compared between the groups or subgroups.The results showed that there was significant difference in the prognosis for type A AD between medical treatment group and open surgery group,but there was no significant difference in the prognosis for type B AD between medical treatment group and stent-graft group.Independent risk factors of follow-up mortality for patients with type A AD included a history of atherosclerosis (HR,3.807; 95％ confidence interval [CI],1.489 to 7.611; P=0.003),in-hospital hypotension/shock (HR,4.687; 95％ CI,1.846 to 11.900;P=0.001),in-hospital myocardial ischemia or infarction (HR,3.734; 95％ CI,1.613 to 8.643; P=0.002),pleural effusion (HR,2.210; 95％ CI,1.080 to 4.521; P=0.030),branch vessel involvement (HR,2.747;95％ CI,1.202 to 6.278; P=0.016) and surgical treatment (HR,0.177; 95％ CI,0.063 to 0.502; P=0.001).And there were insignificant independent predictors for mortality of the patients with type BAD.It was concluded that there were significant differences in characteristics and one year mortality between type A AD and type B AD,but after one year,there was no significant difference in the mortality and complications of them.There were several discordant risk factors of AD,such as female gender,age,thrombus,abrupt onset of pain that were considered as the risk factors in some papers.And there was no definite risk factor of mortality in this study in the patients with type B AD.